Split-rail fences at Manassas National Battlefield Park outside Manassas, VIrginia. This was the site of two dramatic battles of the American Civil War of the 1860s — First and Second Manassas, or what the rebel Confederate Forces called the Battles of Bull Run. The first battle, in 1861, was an unexpected Confederate rout, which sent picknicking civilians who came to see a Union triumph fleeing for their lives. The second battle, also won by the secessionists, produced carnage on both sides, but this one did not weaken Union resolve. Photo by Carol Highsmith, 2019.